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The Danger of Power Pulleys & Understanding the Harmonic Damper

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    The Danger of Power Pulleys & Understanding the Harmonic Damper

    The Danger of Power Pulleys & Understanding the Harmonic Damper

    BY STEVE DINAN OF DINAN BMW


    I have been threatening for a long time to write a series of technical articles to educate consumers and to dispel misconceptions that exist about automotive after-market technology. Motivated by problems with customer's cars resulting from the installation of power pulleys, I wish to explain the potential dangers of these products and address the damage they cause to engines.

    The theory behind the power pulley is that a reduction in the speed of the accessory drive will minimize the parasitic losses that rob power from the engine. Parasitic power losses are a result of the energy that the engine uses to turn accessory components such as the alternator and water pump, instead of producing power for acceleration. In an attempt to minimize this energy loss, many companies claim to produce additional power by removing the harmonic damper and replacing it with a lightweight assembly. While a small power gain can be realized, there are a significant number of potential problems associated with this modification, some that are small and one which is particularly large and damaging!

    The popular method for making power pulleys on E36 engines is by removing the harmonic damper and replacing it with a lightweight alloy assembly. This is a very dangerous product because this damper is essential to the longevity of an engine. The substitution of this part often results in severe engine damage.
    It is also important to understand that while the engine in a BMW is designed by a team of qualified engineers, these power pulleys are created and installed by people who do not understand some very important principles of physics. I would first like to give a brief explanation of these principles which are critical to the proper operation of an engine.

    1) Elastic Deformation
    Though it is common belief that large steel parts such as crankshafts are rigid and inflexible, this is not true. When a force acts on a crank it bends, flexes and twists just as a rubber band would. While this movement is often very small, it can have a significant impact on how an engine functions.

    2) Natural Frequency
    All objects have a natural frequency that they resonate (vibrate) at when struck with a hammer. An everyday example of this is a tuning fork. The sound that a particular fork makes is directly related to the frequency that it is vibrating at. This is its "natural frequency," that is dictated by the size, shape and material of the instrument. Just like a tuning fork, a crankshaft has a natural frequency that it vibrates at when struck. An important aspect of this principle is that when an object is exposed to a heavily amplified order of its own natural frequency, it will begin to resonate with increasing vigor until it vibrates itself to pieces (fatigue failure).

    3) Fatigue Failure
    Fatigue failure is when a material, metal in this case, breaks from repeated twisting or bending. A paper clip makes a great example. Take a paper clip and flex it back and forth 90° or so. After about 10 oscillations the paper clip will break of fatigue failure.

    The explanation of the destructive nature of power pulleys begins with the two basic balance and vibration modes in an internal combustion engine. It is of great importance that these modes are understood as being separate and distinct.

    1) The vibration of the engine and its rigid components caused by the imbalance of the rotating and reciprocating parts. This is why we have counterweights on the crankshaft to offset the mass of the piston and rod as well as the reason for balancing the components in the engine.

    2) The vibration of the engine components due to their individual elastic deformations. These deformations are a result of the periodic combustion impulses that create torsional forces on the crankshaft and camshaft. These torques excite the shafts into sequential orders of vibration, and lateral oscillation. Engine vibration of this sort is counteracted by the harmonic damper and is the primary subject of this paper.

    Torsional Vibration (Natural Frequency)

    Every time a cylinder fires, the force twists the crankshaft. When the cylinder stops firing the force ceases to act and the crankshaft starts to return to the untwisted position. However, the crankshaft will overshoot and begin to twist in the opposite direction, and then back again. Though this back-and-forth twisting motion decays over a number of repetitions due to internal friction, the frequency of vibration remains unique to the particular crankshaft.

    This motion is complicated in the case of a crankshaft because the amplitude of the vibration varies along the shaft. The crankshaft will experience torsional vibrations of the greatest amplitude at the point furthest from the flywheel or load.





    Harmonic (sine wave) Torque Curves
    Each time a cylinder fires, force is translated through the piston and the connecting rod to the crankshaft pin. This force is then applied tangentially to, and causes the rotation of the crankshaft.

    The sequence of forces that the crankshaft is subjected to is commonly organized into variable tangential torque curves that in turn can be resolved into either a constant mean torque curve or an infinite number of sine wave torque curves. These curves, known as harmonics, follow orders that depend on the number of complete vibrations (cylinder pulses) per revolution. Accordingly, the tangential crankshaft torque is comprised of many harmonics of varying amplitudes and frequencies. This is where the name "harmonic damper" originates.

    part 2



    Critical RPM's
    When the crankshaft is revolving at an RPM such that the torque frequency, or one of the harmonic sine wave frequencies coincides with the natural frequency of the shaft, resonance occurs. Thus, the crankshaft RPM at which this resonance occurs is known a critical speed. A modern automobile engine will commonly pass through multiple critical speeds over the range of its possible RPM's. These speeds are categorized into either major or minor critical RPM's.

    Major and Minor Critical RPM’s
    Major and minor critical RPM's are different due to the fact that some harmonics assist one another in producing large vibrations, whereas other harmonics cancel each other out. Hence, the important critical RPM’s have harmonics that build on one another to amplify the torsional motion of the crankshaft. These critical RPM’s are know as the "major criticals". Conversely, the "minor criticals" exist at RPM's that tend to cancel and damp the oscillations of the crankshaft.

    If the RPM remains at or near one of the major criticals for any length of time, fatigue failure of the crankshaft is probable. Major critical RPM’s are dangerous, and either must be avoided or properly damped. Additionally, smaller but still serious problems can result from an undamped crankshaft. The oscillation of the crankshaft at a major critical speed will commonly sheer the front crank pulley and the flywheel from the crankshaft. I have witnessed front pulley hub keys being sheered, flywheels coming loose, and clutch covers coming apart. These failures have often required crankshaft and/or gearbox replacement.

    Harmonic Dampers
    Crankshaft failure can be prevented by mounting some form of vibration damper at the front end of the crankshaft that is capable of absorbing and dissipating the majority of the vibratory energy. Once absorbed by the damper the energy is released in the form of heat, making adequate cooling a necessity. This heat dissipation was visibly essential in Tom Milner's PTG racing M3 which channeled air from the brake ducts to the harmonic damper, in order to keep the damper at optimal operating temperatures. While there are various types of torsional vibration dampers, BMW engines are primarily designed with "tuned rubber" dampers



    It is also important to note that while the large springs of a dual mass flywheel absorb some of the torsional impulses conveyed to the crankshaft, they are not harmonic dampers, and are only responsible for a small reduction in vibration.

    In addition to the crankshaft issue, other problems can result from slowing down the accessories below their designed speeds, particularly at idle. Slowing the alternator down can result in reduced charging of the battery, dimming of the lights, and computer malfunctions. Slowing of the water pump and fan can result in warm running, while slowing of the power steering can cause stiff steering at idle and groaning noises. It is possible to implement design corrections and avoid these scenarios, but this would require additional components and/or software.
    Our motto at Dinan is "Performance without sacrifice" We feel our customers expect ultra high performance along with the legendary comfort and reliability of a standard BMW.

    While it is common that a Dinan BMW is the fastest BMW you can buy, performance is not our only goal. Dinan isn't just trying to make the fastest car. Instead a host of considerations go into the development of our products. Dinan puts much more effort into these other areas than does our competition.
    These considerations are Performance, Reliability (Warranty), Driveability, Emissions, Value, Fit and Finish. We feel that the power pulley is a bad way to get extra power from and engine and the potential for serious engine damage is too great.

    This is a simplified explanation meant to be comprehensible by those who are not automotive engineers. In trying to simplify an extremely complex topic some precision was sacrificed although we believe this explanation to be as accurate as possible. We encourage our customers to educate themselves and understand the automotive after-market because we believe that our products are the best researched, engineered, and fabricated products available.

    For those interested in a more in depth and technical explanation of this topic, the reference book is Advanced Engine Technology, written by Heinz Heisler MSc,BSc,FIMI,MIRTE,MCIT. Heinz Heisler is the Head of Transportation Studies at The College of North West London. His book is distributed in this country by the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers).

    http://www.atiperformanceproducts.co...mper_dinan.htm

    #2
    Hmm.. so I do or dont buy power pulleys for my M5?
    Current:
    2011 Honda CBR1000RR Fireblade "Repsol Edition"..


    Past ///M's:
    2002 E39 M5 M/6speed LeMans Blue|Reuters Catback|SS Brake lines|EBC pads|Dinan strut brace|B&G Springs|19" VMR VB3 CSL Style rims|IATS|Lower grill with brake ducts|aFe Stage 2 intakes|Evosport under drive pulleys "audiophile"|ZHP Shifter with Alcantara boot and Alcantara handbrake boot|+++
    2001 E46 M3 Coupe M/6speed Silver
    1991 E34 M5 3.6L M/5speed Red
    1993 E34 M5 3.8L M/5speed Black

    Comment


      #3
      a friend of mine encountered with a message when he tried to crack the GoogleEarth platinum or something like that...

      "do you think you are smarter than us?"

      now, do you think bmw engineers are stupid enough to make these pulleys in that way?

      if i were to modify a car, i would first start with the restrictions, i.e. the exhaust part. headers etc.

      PS: i hate modding N/A engines, waste of money, too much money!

      Comment


        #4
        I believe that the underdrive pulleys are less harmful, if harmful at all.
        sigpic

        http://www.youtube.com/user/hashaikh11

        Comment


          #5
          my approach is as follows;

          i am an enthusiast, and i am interested in small fractions when it comes to my car.

          there was a debate on the engine oil selection for our cars some time ago. when everybody was talking about the difference between the EDGE and TSW, a technician working for an independent bmw specialist chime in and said "we use TSW, guys dont worry, ur engine will not blow if you put TSW instead of EDGE"

          he was right, the engine will definitely not blow, however if EDGE protects my engine 2% better than TSW does, i am interested to get this fraction!!! ya3ni put ADNOC oil then, it will not make it blast either...

          anyways, coming back to the subject, i think it is harmful. i dont know how much. lets wait and see Hasan ;)

          well at the end everything which increases the performance is harmful, it depends on the intensity :)

          Comment


            #6
            I agree with you Hasan. Everything that increases power is inherently harmful.

            However, replacing a pulley with a smaller one should be a lot less harmful than replacing a pulley with something else.
            sigpic

            http://www.youtube.com/user/hashaikh11

            Comment


              #7
              The debate is mainly on the Harmonic Balancer (Crankshaft pulley). Yes, this is inherently dangerous as it gets into way of vibration of rotating masses (not a fun subject).

              Accessory pullies, I vote for them time and time again. In essence, an accessory like the water pump has a "Pump Characteristic Chart", where after a certain point in RPM, the performance declines. A pulley that would drive the pump with les RPM's at peak means the pump is always very close to duty point, rather than past it.

              In a nuttshell, be selective...

              Comment


                #8
                Thanks for sharing!
                '13 F10 ///M5 6MT Alpine White
                '06 E63 ///M6 SMG Silverstone
                '95 E36 2JZ Swap Gray - Drift
                '92 E36 325i Black
                History:
                '08 E92 ///M3 6MT Silverstone
                '06 E60 ///M5 SMG Alpine White
                '02 E46 ///M3 6MT TiAg
                '98 E36 ///M3 Estoril Blue

                Comment


                  #9
                  Good article, as mentioned above, I have only heard that the real dangers are with the Crank pulleys and they cannot be used in conjunction with an LTW flywheel.

                  Comment


                    #10
                    Harmonic balancers have the function to create a slow mass rotating with the crankshaft as power is withdrawn from the flywheel only.
                    they absorb the torsional vibration, i work a in my daily life with Engines far bigger then in cars (100 to 10.000hp.
                    we have to sample the silicone fluid every 90 days, if the fluid fails the crankshaft will break.
                    Imagine this in your car. as said i suggest to modifie the pulley diameters/ratio of your components first.
                    3854360041_large.jpg

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